Who should complete a tax return

HMRC’s Self Assessment criteria

HMRC have a set of criteria which sets out who they expect to complete a Self Assessment tax return. If you fall within HMRC’s criteria and HMRC have not asked you to file a tax return, HMRC will expect you to register for Self Assessment. If you do not and you have tax to pay, you may be charged a failure to notify penalty. 

If you fall within the criteria but don’t owe any tax, see our information under the below heading If you have no tax to pay.

For the 2026/27 tax year, common situations falling within HMRC’s self assessment criteria are:

• you are self-employed, including working in the gig economy (unless this income, before deducting expenses, is within the annual £1,000 trading allowance, or unless the Making Tax Digital for income tax rules apply to you)
• you are a partner in a business
• you have property income exceeding certain limits (unless the Making Tax Digital for income tax rules apply to you). You can read more about the reporting criteria for property income on our page Reporting property income
• you want to claim tax relief on employment expenses over £2,500 in a year
• you have capital gains tax to pay which hasn’t already been paid in-year
• you are a minister of religion – any faith or denomination
• you receive income from a trust or estate of a deceased person and further tax is due
• you receive foreign income (unless this is only dividend income and this, together with any UK dividend income, is less than the dividend allowance)
• you need to make a claim for relief under a double tax agreement
• you are a qualifying new resident and need to claim relief on your foreign income and gains
• you are non-UK resident and you have taxable income in the UK
• you have savings income of £10,000 or more (excluding savings income in an ISA)
• you have income from dividends of £10,000 or more (excluding dividend income in an ISA)
• you have any other untaxed income of £2,500 or more
• you have total taxable income of £150,000 or more before tax
• you pay the high income child benefit charge through Self Assessment instead of through PAYE

The above is not an exhaustive list. HMRC may also want you to complete a Self Assessment tax return for other reasons. For example, in some cases this will be as a way to collect unpaid tax. GOV.UK has a tool which asks you questions and, based on your answers, tells you if you fall within the criteria. You should keep a copy of your answers and the result the tool gives you.

If you do not meet the Self Assessment criteria

If HMRC have asked you to file a Self Assessment tax return, you will be charged penalties if you do not submit one by the deadline.

If you fall outside the criteria but HMRC have asked you to file a tax return for a year, you can ask HMRC to cancel the filing requirement. If HMRC don’t cancel the filing requirement you must complete and submit a tax return. If you don’t file a return on time, you may be charged a late filing penalty.

If HMRC agree to cancel the filing requirement the late filing penalties will be cancelled automatically. It is important to ask HMRC to cancel the filing requirement before filing the return, because after you have submitted a return, HMRC cannot cancel the late filing penalties in the same way and you must appeal against them instead.

If you have no tax to pay

In certain situations, you may fall within HMRC’s Self Assessment criteria but you have no tax (or other) liability to be settled via Self Assessment.

HMRC’s Self Assessment criteria do not provide any exception for cases where no tax is payable – for instance, where total income is less than your personal allowance.

Please note, HMRC’s requirement that you register for Self Assessment in cases where you meet the criteria but do not owe any tax is not strictly a legal requirement. You can read more about the legal requirements on our page How tax is collected.

If you have already received a notice to file a Self Assessment tax return for that year and you meet the Self Assessment criteria, you must submit one. Failing to do so may lead to late filing penalties.

There are a number of reasons why it is in your favour to complete a return even if you have no tax to pay, including:

• to pay voluntary class 2 National Insurance contributions
• to demonstrate your trading profits to HMRC so that you are treated as having paid class 2 National Insurance contributions
• to claim a capital loss or a trading loss
• to have evidence of your income or trading status, which may be required for finance applications, such as a mortgage, business loan or student finance assessment
• to give HMRC visibility over your tax affairs in case you have made an error (for example, if you are self-employed and have deducted expenses from your income which HMRC later say are not tax allowable expenses)

If HMRC have not asked you to file a Self Assessment tax return for the year

If you have not been asked to file a Self Assessment tax return for the year but fall within HMRC’s Self Assessment criteria, HMRC’s guidance says that you should still register for Self Assessment and submit a tax return for the relevant tax year – even if you believe you have no tax or National Insurance to pay. 

If you are late in registering for Self Assessment but have no tax liability, you will not be charged a failure to notify penalty, as these penalties can only apply in cases where you owe tax.

However, you may not know for certain that you do not owe tax until you have registered and submitted the tax return. It is therefore important to still meet the relevant deadlines to avoid unexpected penalties.

Selling a property

If you are a UK resident, you sell a UK residential property and you have capital gains tax to pay on that disposal, you usually have to tell HMRC and pay the tax within 60 days. You must do this on a separate return, usually by setting up a ‘Capital Gains Tax on UK Property’   account. If you have to complete a Self Assessment tax return then you will need to include the property sale on this tax return too. You can read more about reporting the sale of a UK property in our Capital gains tax reporting section. 

Similar rules apply to non-residents selling any UK land or property, even if there is no tax to pay.